Working capital adjustments are often some of the most heavily negotiated provisions of private company acquisition agreements. This excerpt from a recent FEI blog discusses some of factors that parties should take into account in developing their negotiating positions:
– First, analyze the actual historical monthly working capital; start with the trailing twelve months from the most recent month-end closing. Because most transactions are “Cash Free Debt Free”, cash and funded debt (interest bearing debt) are excluded from the working capital calculation.
– If you are on the sell-side of the transaction, look for opportunities to normalize the historical numbers on the balance sheet giving consideration to what the buyer is likely to experience post-closing and accounting for income statement normalizations. For example, consider excluding certain one-time extended accounts receivable balances if those terms will not exist for the buyer.
– If there are extended (or stretched) accounts payable, the amounts of these accounts may look like funded debt to the buyer and become the responsibility of the seller at closing …resulting in reduced cash to the seller. A seller can defend against this claim if the vendor agrees to provide those terms extended terms permanently.
– Keep in mind that customer deposits for future work are usually carved-out as an exception to the Cash Free Debt Free concept …the seller is expected to leave cash in the business to cover those amounts. A possible solution to minimize the impact to the Seller of this cash exception, is to look for opportunities to reduce the deposit amounts where there may be work in process that has occurred but not been recognized… and then making the recognition.
– For software or subscription based businesses, start the analysis by excluding deferred revenue. A compromise in the negotiation is to accrue the estimated cost of services in the future needed to support the operational commitment created by having those deferred amounts.
– There are three time-based variables that can impact the working capital calculation in some deals: (a) the period used for analyzing and determining the working capital target, (b) the number of days in aging accounts receivable in which the buyer will not recognize the value of invoices, and (c) the number of days in accounts payable that the buyer will consider those invoices as effectively funded debt. For each of these, analyze the numbers in comparison to both historical norms and industry norms to determine opportunities to create an argument for exceptions that will reduce the required level of working capital.
Delaware courts have repeatedly stressed the fact-specific nature of appraisal proceedings, and they’ve just provided another example of that. Shortly after Vice Chancellor Laster went all-in on the target’s “unaffected market price” as the proper measure of fair value in Aruba Networks, Vice Chancellor Glasscock addressed the fair value issue in In re Appraisal of AOL Inc. (Del. Ch.; 2/18).
As this recent blog from Steve Hecht & Jonathan Kass notes, in contrast to other recent decisions, Vice Chancellor Glasscock decided that the much-abused discounted cash flow analysis produced the best measure of AOL’s fair value:
On Friday, Vice Chancellor Glasscock issued his ruling in the AOL appraisal case. The court first set out to determine whether the merger transaction was “Dell Compliant,” which the Court defined to be “[w]here information necessary for participants in the market to make a bid is widely disseminated, and where the terms of the transaction are not structurally prohibitive or unduly limiting to such market participation.”
Where those factors are present, “the trial court in its determination of fair value must take into consideration the transaction price as set by the market.” The Court then concluded, however, that the deal process in AOL was not “Dell Compliant” and relied entirely on a discounted cash flow analysis to award petitioners $48.70, or 2.6% below merger price.
So, congrats to DCF on the big win – for the time being, it looks like you’ve avoided being appraisal’s answer to my Cleveland Browns.
It’s been an active couple of weeks in Delaware appraisal cases, with three decisions – including a summary order from the Delaware Supreme Court – signing off on different valuation approaches that pegged fair value below the merger price. Check out this Wachtell Lipton memo for an overview of recent case law and what those decisions may mean for appraisal going forward.
This Morrison & Foerster memo reviews how the inflow of cash that many corporations are receiving as a result of tax reform may prompt more investor activism. This excerpt says that the bottom line is that activists know companies are flush with cash – and they want a big slice of it:
Though all the effects of the Act will not be known for years, it is clear that the amount of cash on company balance sheets will substantially increase. Numerous companies have announced employee bonuses, 401(k) contributions, and other compensation increases. Others have announced significant growth initiatives. Even with these announcements, U.S. companies will face a high-class problem: What should they do with the extra cash?
Capital allocation—specifically the use of “surplus” cash—has always been a focus of activist investors, who typically encourage its return to shareholders. Indeed, capital allocation has been a campaign target of many activist campaigns. We therefore anticipate activist investor campaigns based on capital allocation to increase in the coming year.
In order to successfully deal with activist campaigns & preserve the flexibility to use this cash in support of corporate strategies, the memo says it’s essential for companies to align closely with their long-term institutional investors. It also offers suggestions on how to accomplish that objective.
In order to cleanse a transaction with a controlling stockholder under Delaware’s MFW doctrine, the deal must be conditioned upon approval by an independent committee & an uncoerced majority of the minority shareholder vote ab initio – from the beginning.
The plaintiffs alleged that the transaction did not satisfy the ab initio requirement under Kahn v. M&F Worldwide, 88 A.3d 635 (Del. 2014), because the controller group did not initially condition the proposed transaction on recommendation by a special committee and approval by a majority of the disinterested stockholders, features added weeks after the controller’s initial proposal letter and after the Synutra board had already met and formed a special committee. Finding that “the controller announce[d] the conditions before any negotiations took place,” the Court held the ab initio requirement was satisfied and dismissed the complaint under MFW.
This Bloomberg blog says that President Trump’s choice to run the FTC – Joe Simons – may take a harder line on corporate mergers than his recent predecessors. Here’s an excerpt:
M&A lawyers will be listening to learn just how serious Simons is about cracking down on merger proposals. If his written comments to the committee are any indication, they should be worried. He cited weak merger review – the FTC’s lack of retrospective studies and unsuccessful remedies – as the No. 1 and No. 2 problems facing the agency.
“The FTC needs to devote substantial resources to determine whether its merger enforcement is too lax,” he said. “If that’s the case, the agency needs to determine the reason for such failure and fix it.”
Simons decried the FTC’s own finding that the divestitures it imposed in 30 percent of mergers between direct competitors didn’t work. Those are deals in which the FTC ordered one or both merging parties to sell assets to a buyer that, in theory, would compete with the merged company. But the FTC found that didn’t happen in almost a third of the markets where it ordered divestitures, either because the buyer never produced a competing product or its product wasn’t able to compete as effectively as the pre-merger owner.
Simons comes from an enforcement background – he was in charge of the FTC’s competition bureau during the Bush Administration, and has been quoted as claiming that during his tenure, the FTC took more enforcement actions against anti-competitive behavior than in any comparable two-decade prior or after he was in charge.
Last year, I blogged about a Chancery Court decision holding that the reasons for a director’s abstention from voting on a proposed sale weren’t material. Earlier this week, in Appel v. Berkman (Del. Sup.; 2/18). the Delaware Supreme Court reversed that ruling.
This Steve Quinlivan blog summarizes the Supreme Court’s decision. Here’s an excerpt:
According to the Delaware Supreme Court, the defendants’ argument that the reasons for a dissenting or abstaining board member’s vote can never be material is incorrect. The Court reasoned that because Delaware law gives important effect to an informed stockholder decision, Delaware law also requires that the disclosures the board makes to stockholders contain the material facts and not describe events in a materially misleading way.
Here, the founder and Chairman’s views regarding the wisdom of selling the company were ones that reasonable stockholders would have found material in deciding whether to vote for the merger or seek appraisal, and the failure to disclose them rendered the facts that were disclosed misleadingly incomplete. Therefore, the Delaware Supreme Court reversed the order dismissing the plaintiffs’ claims.
In his opinion, Chief Justice Strine said that the Supreme Court wasn’t holding that information of this type was always material – simply that the materiality issue must be decided by looking at the information in the context of the total mix of information provided to investors.
Here’s a recent “Institutional Investor” article about ISS’s role in proxy contests. The article sheds some light on ISS’s recommendation process & highlights its role in several recent high-profile proxy contests. It also discusses the more sophisticated approach that companies are taking in their dealings with proxy advisors – while at the same time acknowledging that most companies can’t stand ISS.
Corporate disdain for ISS is pretty much an open secret – but less well known is the fact that some activists aren’t crazy about ISS either. What’s more, this excerpt says that activists desperately need ISS’s backing in order to have a chance to win a proxy fight:
Companies may complain about the power of ISS. But it is the activists, not the companies they target, who are most dependent on its recommendations — and, not surprisingly, some are upset about perceived changes in ISS policy and past patterns that work to their detriment.
A recommendation from ISS does not guarantee an activist win, but it’s virtually impossible for an activist to win without the recommendation of ISS, say former and current ISS executives, activists, and other market participants. That said, many institutional investors like to say that the power of ISS is overstated, that it is merely reflecting the desires of its biggest clients — like BlackRock, Vanguard Group, State Street Corp., and others — who control the biggest stakes in most large corporations.
“If ISS has tended to side with activists, there’s a good reason,” says one former ISS executive. “ISS is not a public institution. It is a private, for-profit company, and they are trying to please their clients. They are issuing recommendations they wish to be well received by their clients. They are not writing this report for the good of society. They’re writing for clients who pay them money.”
Speaking of pleasing clients, the article points out that ISS’s role as proxy contest arbiter offers a variety of benefits to investors. For activists, it helps solve the problem of shareholder collective action. By following ISS’s lead, shareholders can act together without being regarded as a “group” that might trigger a pill or a 13D filing. For institutions, ISS sometimes acts as a shield, enabling them to share views that they might not want to share directly with companies in which they invest.
Last week, the Delaware Chancery Court ruined the day of yet another hedge fund hoping to hit the appraisal jackpot. In Verition Partners Master Fund v. Aruba Networks (Del. Ch.; 2/18), Vice Chancellor Laster’s award set the stock’s fair value at $17.13 per share, well below the merger price of $24.67. That’s a 30% haircut, which will definitely leave a mark, as noted in this article. It’s also the third time in less than a year that the Chancery Court has made a fair value award in an appraisal case that was below the deal price.
Consistent with Dell and DFC Global, the Vice Chancellor’s starting point for determining Aruba’s fair value was the deal price. But this deal involved a strategic buyer, and therefore that price included the value of post-closing synergies. Since synergies were an element of value arising from the “accomplishment or expectation of the merger,” they needed to be excluded from the valuation analysis.
The Vice Chancellor ultimately decided to consider two alternative approaches to fair value – one that focused on the “deal-price-less-synergies,” & one that looked to the unaffected market price of the stock prior to the deal’s announcement. In opting for the latter, he observed that using the deal-price-less-synergies approach required subjective judgment and a significant potential for error. What’s more, in his view, it continued to include an element of value arising out of the accomplishment of the merger:
When an acquirer purchases a widely traded firm, the premium that an acquirer is willing to pay for the entire firm anticipates incremental value both from synergies and from the reduced agency costs that result from unitary (or controlling) ownership. Like synergies, the value created by reduced agency costs results from the transaction and is not a part of the going concern value of the firm. The value belongs to the buyer, although the seller may extract a portion of it through negotiations. Eliminating shared synergies therefore only goes part of the way towards eliminating “any element of value arising from the accomplishment or expectation of the merger.” A court also must eliminate the share of value that accrues from the reduced agency costs.
Vice Chancellor Laster concluded that since the market for Aruba’s stock was efficient, the stock’s unaffected market value prior to the deal was the right approach for determining its fair value – even though neither of the parties argued for that approach, and even though it resulted in a value that was lower that the price that Aruba itself advocated.
Prof. Anne Lipton blogged that Aruba Networks is “Dell’s other shoe” – the possibility that courts may conclude that the market price of a publicly traded company is the best evidence of its value, & that any premium represents value arising out of the merger. If so, Aruba Networks is yet another body blow to the viability of appraisal arbitrage in Delaware.
As an aside, this opinion is an unusually good read, probably because this deal had “a lot of hair on it” from a process standpoint. There were a couple of years worth of discovery in the case, and what was unearthed led to one of the more candid & entertaining recountings of a deal process that I’ve seen. Read this case if you really want to see how the sausage gets made.
About this time last year, we blogged about a New York appellate court’s refusal to adopt Delaware’s hard line approach to disclosure-only settlements. However, this Paul Weiss memo says a recent trial court decision suggests that the Empire State’s position may be evolving. Here’s the intro:
The New York Supreme Court, New York County recently declined to approve what the court described as a “peppercorn and a fee” disclosure-only settlement in a public company M&A litigation, noting that while until recently most courts would routinely approve such settlements, “that is no longer the case.”
Applying New York’s Gordon standard for approving such settlements—which only requires “some benefit for the shareholders” and is less exacting than standards applied in many other jurisdictions, most notably Delaware’s “plainly material” standard under In re Trulia—the court’s decision in City Trading Fund v. Nye demonstrates that even under the New York approach, disclosure-only settlements will not be approved simply as a matter of course, as the court will still analyze the benefits of the added disclosures under the circumstances.
The opinion also advocates for the adoption in New York of Delaware’s stricter Trulia standard, perhaps indicating a position among some New York jurists that appellate courts should revisit the issue. In any event, the decision adds to a nationwide trend of courts acting to discourage the plaintiffs’ bar from bringing frivolous claims in public company M&A situations.
While we’ve recently blogged about contentions that plaintiffs are fleeing Delaware as a venue in part because of Trulia, Delaware’s approach appears to be gaining traction in some important jurisdictions. In addition to the potential evolution in New York’s approach, this Pillsbury Winthrop memo says that at least one California court has decided to toe the Trulia line on disclosure-only settlements.